Intrauterine devices, or IUDs, tend to get a bit of a bad reputation because of the health concerns and injuries caused by the Dalkon Shield in the ‘70s and ‘80s. But today, new, updated versions of the IUD are the most popular contraceptive device worldwide, and use is increasing over time in the U.S.
How do they work?
An IUD is a T-shaped plastic device that is placed in the uterus through the cervix by a qualified provider as a form of contraception. Fewer than 1% of users become pregnant, which makes the IUD one of the more effective forms of birth control. IUDs work by either preventing the sperm and the egg from meeting or from keeping the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus once they do. There are two types of IUDs:
- Progestin-based IUDs (Mirena, Skyla, etc.): Hormonal IUDs use progestin to prevent conception. Progestin-based IUDs can last either up to 3 or up to 8 years without needing to be changed, though they can be removed at any time. Hormonal IUDs can have hormonal side effects, including acne, breast tenderness, and changes in menstruation that can include heavier flow and cramping during periods, spotting between periods, or no period at all.
- Copper-based IUDs (ParaGard): ParaGard is the only copper-based IUD available in the U.S. It lasts up to 10 years without needing to be replaced, though it can be removed at any time. Side effects can include anemia, backaches, pain during sex, and changes in menstruation, such as heavier periods and cramping.
IUDs have also been associated with a slightly increased risk of complications from sexually transmitted infections. This is especially true for women with more than one sexual partner. Any medical procedure also includes the possibility of infection, but these complications aren’t particularly common.
What are the benefits?
An IUD is the most low-maintenance type of contraception – once one has been placed, it is effective for years without having to do anything to maintain it. If you change your mind and don’t want it to be effective for years, it can be removed at any time. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), fertility returns when removed. Effective, no maintenance and easy to reverse? Such wins!
As with all types of birth control, there are risks to IUD usage. These are specific to each person and their health history, so it helps to talk to your healthcare provider about what’s right for you. One of the most common risks is pain during insertion. IUD insertion is a short medical procedure, but knowing what to expect and what your pain relief options are goes a long way toward feeling more comfortable.
Reviewed by the Ovia Health Clinical Team
Sources
- “Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC): IUD and Implant.” ACOG. FAQ 184 from The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, May 2016. Web.
- Sara Kennedy, MD MPH. “Paraguard vs Mirena: Which IUD is right for you?” Bedsider. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, Jan 9, 2010. Web.
